Google in China free essay sample

In 2006, China endeavored to move away from communism and announced itself focused on financial change and to opening itself to the outside world. Extended individual flexibilities for its residents, in any case, China despite everything kept up a brutal implementation of political and strict guidelines ? Participation in the WTO set China back up for life as a potential market for Western organizations ? Yippee! first American Internet organization to enter China in 1999. Uncensored Internet data was not invited by Chinese specialists and government authorities quickly executed guidelines confining access to content esteemed inappropriate or hurtful, and checked Internet use of its residents ? Remembered numerous private residents for their reconnaissance endeavors, and actualized open promulgation battles to make climate of dread from retaliation and self-restriction ? Tom MacLean chief of International Business for Google Inc. or on the other hand most recent nine months; beginning to stress over his professional stability after a tempest of analysis coming about because of choice to consent to subject Google’s indexed lists to Chinese power investigation ? Felt that he and his group had been aware of political traps they could look in executing their key arrangement in China; level and power of resulting backfire and dissatisfaction was sudden ? Elliot Schrage, Google’s VP of Global Communications and Public Affairs, efended Googleâ⠂¬â„¢s oversight understanding as fundamental, while simultaneously conceding choice clashed profoundly with Google’s center standards, and that it was something they were not glad for ? Congressional hearing planted seeds of uncertainty in MacLean about Google in China choice. We will compose a custom article test on Google in China or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Beginning to address if Google was embracing control by complying with the Chinese authorities’ rules, if Google was going about as an apparatus for the legislature, if Chinese residents were in reality happier after Google’s choice to enter China, and whether restriction choice went against their expressed corporate way of thinking ? Top authority guarantee Google’s choice was made dependent on data as of now accessible at that point; were not reluctant to return to that choice if fundamental ? MacLean has just a single day before going to a gathering where he would be addressed on the turn of events and execution of Google’s China system and requested his recommendations for future approaches ? MacLean under a ton of strain to act, yet his nature is to stay by his methodology and let it play out somewhat more; trusting that Senate hearing would be the last piece of exposure for some time Issue Identification: (Write in complete sentences starting now and into the foreseeable future) Key Identify serious problem(s) and any minor contributing problem(s) ? Google’s propelling of Google China and concurring with Chinese government’s oversight requests has discolored their notoriety and open picture (major) ? Heaps of terrible exposure created all around; makes them look like posers ? Gotten between distance of a conceivably amazingly rewarding worldwide market and a moral predicament of worldwide extent ? Organization scorned for its claimed â€Å"don’t be evil† maxim; pundits censure Google for supporting a nation with a system known for its various, very much reported maltreatment of human rights and abusive measures; infringement of universally perceived standards (minor) ? What ought to MacLean say at the gathering to legitimize his technique? ? Has it gotten vital for Google’s top authority group to return to choice considering new data and conditions? What would it be a good idea for us to do? Under a great deal of strain to act†¦. before long Inferences: Key Read between the lines and make a few suspicions about the case that re proposed yet not unequivocally gave (set out to find the real story) ? Choice by Google to choose China as its worldwide objective at this specific point in their political and social history is suspect, in any case, as per their drawn out worldwide system, they couldn't leave behind such an enormous open door ? Control choice was important to keep up their situation as worldwide web search tool advertise pioneers and to fight off advances from significant contenders, for example, Yahoo! (who as of now have a built up a dependable balance in China) and Microsoft ? Equipped for enduring out the tempest of analysis without significant negative money related ramifications ? In time, whole scene will essentially â€Å"blow over† as media proceeds onward to something different ? For long haul increase, worth enduring transient agony ? Activities can be supported whenever given the best possible â€Å"spin† ? No hopeless harm has been done to the company’s notoriety ? Worldwide business chance related with choice can be overseen General Case Ideas: Key Link relevant course material/hypothesis to the case State pertinent hypothesis (the â€Å"what†) ? The worldwide economy (Chapter 1, pages XX) Cultural impacts on worldwide business (Chapter 3, pages XX) ? Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Market Screening Process presents ? Morals and Corporate Social Responsibility in International Business freebee ? Government and political effects on worldwide business (Chapter 4, pages XX) ? Overseeing universal business chance (C hapter 21, pages XX) Make important associations between course hypothesis and the case (the â€Å"so what†) ? There are four significant classifications of the universal business condition that MNCs ought to consider when choosing potential development markets: 1. Geographic Conditions (atmosphere, landscape, seaways, normal assets) 2. Social Factors (acknowledged practices, qualities, and customs; language, instruction, religion, social connections) 3. Political and Legal Factors (kind of government, political soundness, government strategies toward business) 4. Monetary Conditions (sort of financial framework, general training level of the populace, kinds of businesses, level of innovation) ? The two of these that are generally material to this case are: Cultural Social Factors The more comparative one’s own way of life is to another ever, language, religion and so on , the less troublesome it is to direct business in that society. Be that as it may, when social orders contrast on the majority of these attributes, the potential for trouble develops exponentially. For most American organizations in China, this potential is extremely high. There will be endless, unanticipated difficulties, in any event, when there is a legit exertion to find out about and get China and its kin. While working together in China, numerous social and social contemplations must be tended to. Political and Legal Factors China hosts been under the socialist get-together guideline for a long time. The socialist party practices total control over enactments and monetary and social establishments. Not at all like western economies where the legislature advances straightforwardness for working together, in China rules and guidelines are not all that straightforward. Exacting laws and licenses in economies of the west ensure local and remote organizations, though in China, the lawful framework is inexactly characterized, offering ascend to different escape clauses in the law. While working together in China, numerous political and legitimate contemplations must be thought of. End and Recommendations: Key Suggest explicit and implementable answers for take care of recognized issues ? Keep up the state of affairs with respect to choice †¦but go into harm control mode ? Recruit a globally experienced and prestigious advertising firm to introduce the circumstance in a progressively positive light (â€Å"spin doctors†) ? Counter terrible exposure by utilizing the media for your potential benefit. Issue a progression of public statements contending that it would be additionally harming to pull out of China out and out; address reactions legitimately and obviously clarify the method of reasoning of your choice ? Contend that control is important to shield the Chinese government from blocking Google inside and out, and that Google can assume a job increasingly valuable to the reason with the expectation of complimentary discourse by taking an interest in Chinas data innovation industry than by declining to go along and being denied admission to the terrain Chinese market ? Feature the way that Chinese specialists have confined residents to opular web search tools, for example, Altavista and Yahoo! before, and that while expelling indexed lists is conflicting with Googles crucial, no data at all would be significantly increasingly conflicting with their main goal ? Increasingly open perceivability of Yahoo originators Page and Brin just as CEO Eric Schmidt. Conveyance of steady m essage through painstakingly arranged TV and print advertisement crusades and appearances at national and universal industry discussions ? Modify open recognition through expanded advancement of Google’s humanitarian work ? It isn't Google’s employment to fix governments yet to give the best help to clients and the most ideal come back to its partners. By deciding to work together in China, they must serve the Chinese individuals in their best, though confined, way given current political atmosphere ? In the event that we didnt do it, another person would have ? Accentuate that control issues are not confined to China and that Google likewise needed to do comparable things in Germany just as in their own nation of origin to meet legitimate necessities ? Stand together as an industry. Enroll rival’s help with comparable issues and basic interests. Get Bill Gates, very rich person author of Microsoft, to go to bat for most despised opponent Google and contend that state control was no explanation behind innovation organizations not to work together in China. Get Gates to give open explanation that the Internet is adding to Chinese political commitment, as access to the outside world is forestalling more oversight ? Close its China workplaces and surrender showcase

Case Study - Strategic Leadership Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

- Strategic Leadership - Case Study Example The Japanese producers of DRAMS had a system of putting resources into assembling which gave them an assembling cost advantage contrasted with Intel. Japanese contenders were a lot quicker in creating process advances and improving yields when contrasted with Intel and this altogether added to its sensational decrease in piece of the overall industry in the DRAM showcase during the period referenced previously. As an official driving a DRAMS maker somewhere in the range of 1974 and 1984, I would surely make certain strides as going to be delineated beneath in light of the changing patterns in the business. As a matter of first importance, I would set out on a drive to consolidate both memory limit and single force highlight as one element of the DRAM. The crisis of the Japanese contenders proclaimed another pattern whereby their DRAMS had a bigger memory limit contrasted with Intel which gave them an upper hand over Intel. Be that as it may, Intel had a one of a kind single force inc lude which couldn't be found on items created by different contenders. Against this foundation, I would endeavor to consolidate these two highlights into one part in order to engage numerous clients. This would make the DRAMs made by the organization I would head progressively extraordinary contrasted with the others created by the Japanese contenders. ... As a matter of first importance, I would leave on statistical surveying in order to be better situated to remain side by side with all the progressions occurring in the market. To be sure, the earth where business works is dynamic and is liable to change consequently I will organize statistical surveying in order to remain ahead and better situated to know the changing tastes of the clients. Through directing statistical surveying, I will be better situated to envision the necessities of the clients consequently oversee item advancement with full information on what will speak to the clients from various market sections. I will likewise leave on a drive to enhance creation while simultaneously holding uniqueness of the items advertised. I would look to increase a cost advantage through contriving methods for creation that will bring down the creation costs. Bringing down the creation cost will enormously help in expanding the income created for the association as this will involve th at less cash will go towards creation costs. I will likewise underline on keeping up of uniqueness of the items offered to engage a wide number of clients. This will empower me to lead the association to be a minimal effort maker with high worth alternative. 4. I would seek after marking methodology in DRAMs for various showcasing purposes. Essentially, marking is principally worried about formation of a character of the item that will recognize it from different items offered in the market. In DRAMs, this procedure will give an upper hand given that there are numerous players in the business and as noted over, the opposition is firm. A brand system that is

Watch the 2.009 webcast tonight at 7PM ET!

Watch the 2.009 webcast tonight at 7PM ET! 2.009: Product Engineering Processes is a capstone course in Course 2 (Mechanical Engineering) and one of the most famous courses at MIT. For my fellow FIRST alumni out there, its sort of like FRC, but for products.From the website: In 2.009, Product Engineering Processes, [150] students work in large teams of approximately 20 individuals to design and build working alpha prototypes of new products. Students learn about creativity, product design, working within a budget, and gain unifying engineering experience. The effort spans the early phases of product development, including: opportunity identification; generating ideas; gathering customer and market data; selecting ideas, devising concepts and building sketch models; building and testing mockups; customer evaluation of mockups; embodiment design; and construction of a high quality functioning alpha prototype. The large teams must work effectively to realize this task, so students also learn about group dynamics, team roles and management, consensus building, and the value of communication. The final project presentations are held annually in before a live audience of ~1300 designers, investors, faculty, and friends who won tickets via a lottery and pack into Kresge, MITs largest auditorium, with overflow rooms and a live webcast, and covered by MIT News, the Boston Globe, and other media outlets. The top teams often spin out into companies; back in 2012, blogger Chris M. led the winning Pink Team and took a leave from MIT to become the founding CEO of HelmetHub, which he blogged about here. We typically blog a recap of the final presentations after they occur, and Joonho should be doing that in a few days (he got a press pass for being a blogger, which, lol). But for tonight, though, you can watch the webcast of the final product presentations, which begins ~7PM ET, by clicking the big ole link below: Post Tagged #2.009

Internal Rates Of Return Essay Example Pdf - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 853 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Did you like this example? Capital budgeting is the process of planning and evaluating investments in assets that have cash flows of periods greater than one year. These projects are classified as replacement decisions which are meant to maintain the profitability of a business and reduce costs. Capital budgeting is core to an organisation since the projects are always long-term. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Internal Rates Of Return Essay Example Pdf" essay for you Create order The Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) approaches are commonly used in capital budgeting (Palepu, Healy Victor 2004). Comparison of NPV to IRR The NPV method uses cash flows estimated from each potential project. The present values of the cash flows are summed, to obtain the Net Present Value. The NPV decision rule is to accept projects with a positive NPV and to reject those projects with negative NPV, in an unlimited condition. In case the projects are mutually exclusive, the financial analyst accepts the project that has the highest NPV (CIMA, 2009). Internal Rate of Return (IRR) IRR is defined as the discount rate that equates the initial cost of a project to the expected net cash flows. In general, IRR is the discount rate that equates the net present value of a project to zero. IRR is generally calculated using trial and error method; formally it is calculated using financial calculators such as the BA TI Business calculator (Chanda, 2008). IRR decision rule First the financial analyst determines the required rate of return; which may be higher or lower than the firms cost of capital since it factors in the investment projects adjustments to financial risk. If IRR is greater than the required rate of return, finance managers accept the project. If IRR is less than the required rate of return, analysts will usually reject such projects since they reduce shareholders value (CIMA, 2009). The IRR approach advantage is that it clearly shows the return on capital. However, its main disadvantage is that, at times it may give contrasting results when compared to the net present value approach, especially for projects that are mutually exclusive. Another demerit of the IRR approach is the so called multiple Internal Rate of Return problem. This particular problem occurs when the investment projects lifetime cash flows are non-normal i.e. they are negative. This indicates that the project is running at a loss or the firm needs to invest more capital (Chanda 2008). Reason for NPV and IRR Methods giving conflicting appraisals When a project is classified as an autonomous project, i.e. the decision to invest in the project is independent of other projects, both the approaches of IRR and NPV will always give similar results, whether it is accepting or rejecting a project. In is true that NPV and IRR are resourceful methods for evaluating mutually exclusive projects. However, in cases where the decision favors one project to another, these metrics will not always give similar results, the reason being the timing of cash flows from each particular project. In addition, conflicting appraisals can be attributed to project sizes. Consider two projects, X and Y. Project X has an initial outlay of $1,000, and project Y has an initial capital outlay of $ 10,000. Project X (the smaller project) may give a higher IRR but a relatively lower NPV, but project Y may increase shareholders wealth (has a higher NPV) in as much as it will have a lower IRR (Chanda 2008). The NPV approach premises on the assumption that a projects cash flows can be reinvested to give a return on capital at the discount rate used in the calculation of NPV. In reality this assumption is rational since it is based on the notion that cash flows do actually reduce a firms investment capital needs. These funds allow firms to reduce capital requirements thus allowing firms to reduce their cost of capital. When a firm manages to reduce its equity and debt, it can actually earn on the cost of cash flow that are used to reduce its capital needs. On the contrary, if projects are to be ranked using IRRs, the analysts will be assuming that cash flows from the project could be reinvested at the IRR. This is not practical. If it were possible for a firm to earn the required rate on invested capital, then this rate should be used to discount the projects cash flows (Chanda 2008). Conclusion The above arguments proof that NPV and IRR are impeccable approaches used for appraising projects. However, in practice it is indicated t hat there are several other methods used for project appraisal. These include; the Payback period (PB) approach, the Average Accounting Rate of Return (ARR) approach and the discounted payback (DPB) method among several others. In fact the methods used by finance managers for capital budgeting vary due to four factors; Location- most European firms prefer the payback method to NPV and IRR; size-the firm-the larger the company the more likely it apply NPV and IRR methods; Managerial education-the higher their education level the more likely that they will use IRR and NPV methods; and finally, Private versus Public-Public firms- public firms are more likely to use NPV and IRR approaches while private firms prefer the pay back method.

Nursing A Career As A Career In Nursing - 705 Words

From a very early age I have had a passion and drive to help people. I was first inspired to go in to a nursing career by my grandmother who would tell me stories about her experiences as a midwife. One that stood out to me was when she travelled through a snowstorm to deliver a baby, and it is this level of commitment, care and compassion that I aspire to have. I have also found inspiration from my mum who is an ICU nurse and has always shared her experience and advice with me. This has been something that has resonated with me throughout my life and has always served as an inspiration. I have always enjoyed working with children, which is shown through my current job as a swimming teacher and my volunteer work. My chosen pathway is†¦show more content†¦After observing during work placements in hospital settings how to deal with challenging behaviour I feel I already have the foundations of the skills needed to work with distressed family members. I worked as a Poolside Assistant for Water Lilies Swimming School for over a year and have recently completed my STA Level 2 Award in Swimming Teaching, alongside the STA Level 2 Safety Award for Teachers and Safeguarding Children and Vulnerable Adults Certificate. I currently teach classes of up to 4 children from age 3-13; through this I have developed my confidence working with children, have increased my organisational skills through lesson planning and learnt valuable skills in communication with different children. I feel that the skills I have gained in helping a nervous child to feel at ease in the water will be very transferable to the skills needed to help a child feel comfortable in hospital. I believe that I possess the qualities in accordance with the NHS 6C’s; Compassion, Commitment, Competence, Care, Courage and Communication. I am very committed to my current job and have learnt how to balance this with both my college work and hobbies. Caring for the individuals in a care home on my current work placement has been something I have found very rewarding. I have high levels of compassion in myShow MoreRelatedThe Career Of Nursing As A Career In Nursing1614 Words   |  7 Pages Nursing is a very complex career that at many times requires one to be a leader. Nurses can be leaders in formal roles and also on the unit during any given shift. Nursing is a career that truly tests the character and attributes of those who choose to enter this career. Leadership in nursing is vital in creating a successful environment for patients. According to Stichler (2006), â€Å"effective leadership is essential to transforming organizations into environments that are safe f or both patientsRead MoreNursing : A Career As A Career In Nursing925 Words   |  4 Pagesgreat at and I have never recalled them because I was so focused on being in the medical field. The career fields that were appealing to me was being a nurse for veterans, I also thought of being a teacher for the younger children. I have chosen to be in the medical field because I have always loved helping others in need and just making them feel good after they been satisfied. My living career I have selected was to be a Pediatric Nurse. Pediatric nurses provide many medical needs and physicalRead MoreThe Career Of Nursing Career1825 Words   |  8 PagesNursing When people are sick or injured they need someone to take care of them and may need to see a doctor. But usually there are other professionals who will see them first and provide hands-on care before the doctor arrives. Many of these professionals are nurses. Within the healthcare sector focused on the care of individuals, families and communities, nurses may help patients attain, maintain, or recover optimal health and quality of life. When considering a nursing career, one needs to be awareRead MoreNursing As A Career In Nursing1092 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract My name is Dania Infante and I am a BSN student at Florida National University. I chose nursing as a career path because I am a people person. I enjoy working and interacting with people on a regular basis as well as taking care of them. I know there are several careers that specialize in patient care. However, I chose nursing because I feel a nurse is in direct contact with the patient at all times. Nurses look after their patients in every aspect, physically as well as emotionally. TheyRead MoreNursing As A Career1568 Words   |  7 PagesPrice, Hall, Angus and Peter (2013) â€Å"Nursing is described as a beautiful, rewarding and motivating career followed with an acknowledgement that nurses are underappreciated.† (p.7) Nursing is a profession that is organized and abides by a code of ethics where the individual is expected to honour these implementations. Nurses spend their career saving and promoting life and one of the most significant parts of being a nurse is to be a patient advocate. Nursing students tend to frequently enter theirRead MoreNursing As A Nursing Career1933 Words   |  8 PagesNursing is a very intriguing profession with an open door to many new opportunities. While in the field many exciting experiences may come at you. The medical field has always interested me, but I was never quite sure on what career would suit me best and was the right one to pursue. There are many nurses in my family: my mom, sister in law, my cousin’s wife Taylor and my aunt Julene. After hearing all of their exciting stories I decided that nursing is the perfect career. It provides a great placeRead MoreNursing As A Career?1442 Words   |  6 PagesNursing As a Career? This research paper will help guide you into a career that has its pros and cons. What kind of education is needed to enter the nursing field? What the advancements are in the field of nursing? What is the earning potential of nursing? What the outlook on nursing in the future is and the different nursing work environments and so much more. The purpose of this is to inform anyone interested in becoming a nurse what you can do with your degree and most important, if this careerRead MoreThe Nursing Career1082 Words   |  4 Pagesanalytical by defining a problem and use data to determine an effective solution. A PHN must be able to communicate effectively, and understand how the media delivers information. Of great importance is the role of cultural competency in public health nursing. Cultural competency is the ability to effectively consider the worldviews, healthcare practices and preferences of people from diverse, racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, and cultural backgrounds. The PHN must put an emphasis on prevention and focusesRead MoreThe Career of Nursing1259 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to Boykin â€Å"Caring is the foundation of nursing† (Boykin et al, 2011) and in order to be a nurse, it is essential that a nurse can demonstrate and practice professional communication skills. Professional communication skills not only allows the nurse to provide different methods and tactics to communicate with patients of different needs and ages, but it enables the nurse to understand and to give the best possible care and outcome for the patient. Provision of information and handover isRead MoreCareers In Nursing By Betty Smith : The Career Of Nursing1121 Words   |  5 Pagesabou t the career of nursing and I am going to explain how nursing is a diverse multidimensional profession. According to the article â€Å"Opportunities in Nursing† by Betty Smith â€Å"Nursing in general is concerned with the care of people’s psychological, social, and physiological well being†. There are various types of nurses such as registered nurses, nurse anesthetist, psychiatric nurses, nurse practitioners and many more. The article â€Å"Careers in nursing† by Linda Burnes illustrates â€Å"careers in nursing

Behavioral Science TV Character Evaluation Free Essays

Sigmund Freud’s chief contributions to the field of psychology are his investigations into the nature of the â€Å"unconscious† and the psychosexual development stages of human beings especially the infants. It was Freud who proposed that a crucial part of human development depends on the person’s ability to overcome or control his respective pleasures during the stage of infancy or childhood. The inability to control these pleasures, Freud claims, will certainly take their toll on the individual during the latter stages in life. We will write a custom essay sample on Behavioral Science TV Character Evaluation or any similar topic only for you Order Now On the other hand, Carl Rogers proposed that understanding human personalities and relationships require an approach that focuses on the individual rather than on the external environment that are presumed to influence people’s behaviors. He formulated a person-centered theory that is founded on at least nineteen propositions, all of which are tied to the general notion of treating the individual as the foundation of any inquiry into human personalities and relationships. His concept of a person who is able to function fully departs from other ideas in the sense that he does not discount the idea that even those things which we perceive as destructive can also contribute to the growth of the person. Finally, Carl Gustav Jung championed the idea that spirituality is an integral part of human development, even taking an important role in his concepts of therapy in curing an individual from both physical and emotional difficulties. He also focused on the concepts of the â€Å"archetype† as well as the anima and the animus, quite apart from his elaborate discussions on the concept of the â€Å"collective unconscious† and the â€Å"complex†. Moreover, he also espoused the concept of â€Å"individuation† as a way for an individual to realize his fullest potentials. How to cite Behavioral Science TV Character Evaluation, Papers

Catholicism in English Essay Example For Students

Catholicism in English Essay As Chinese culture defines that only elder members of society can talk knowingly about subjects in both organisational and social contexts, employees therefore do not respect or listen to young managers thus conflict arises and poor performance results (Mwaura et al, 1998). The concept of giving face manifests the Confucian aspect of Chinese culture as this can often lead to many problems arising both in a social context and business. Bond and Kwang (1986) argue that the significance of the face concept severely affects the ability of a Chinese manager to make decisions. As they tend to attach great importance to the views others hold about them more than in western cultures, Chinese managers therefore avoid actions that for them are high risk, or about which there is some uncertainty regarding the correctness of the outcome. This can lead to a breakdown in communication because if no employee is willing to take the responsibility for making a decision, effectively the decision just gets passed around until someone forgets about it and then the blame is passed on too. This would cause significant problems during negotiations or when trying to develop relationships with western companies because nothing would get agreed and eventually a lot of tension and frustration would be caused. However, this concept of giving face can be misunderstood and lead to conflict arising as other cultures do not understand its significance and find it fairly rude. For example, Mah (2001) recounts one occasion when a close friend thought she was giving face to the British mother of her future son in law by complimenting on her beautiful gems and asking, How much they cost? In Mrs. Wangs eyes, she was giving her close relative a big dose of mian zi (face). But to Lady Sutherland, her bold question was merely a vulgar invasion of her privacy. The significance of this is it highlights how the culture discourse influences peoples actions and how they can be misinterpreted. But an understanding of why people may act differently to what you may be used to will help explain certain behaviours and also highlight what is required in terms of establishing and maintaining strong business relationships. For example, the business practice of exchanging business cards carries more significant symbolic value in Japan than in other countries; it is a sign of respect and social etiquette (Cohen, 2002). By not following this process, conflict will arise within the relationship, as not following traditional formal greetings will immediately cause bad impressions. Conclusion As businesses become more international and far reaching, this paper has highlighted the importance of understanding cultural differences when attempting to create relationships, specifically between eastern and western companies. As demonstrated, communication between different cultures is often very difficult because of the differences in meaning making defined by language, and also due to the underlying beliefs and values that influence what is the cultural norm. Therefore to rectify this situation, and thus develop and maintain relationships, organisations must acknowledge the importance of culture and at least make some effort to appreciate that differences are present, and try to gain a degree of cultural literacy (Schirato and Yell, 2000), to be able to understand better the intricacies involved in retaining a strong cross-cultural relationship. Bibliography Books Baldwin. E, Longhurst. B, McCracken. S, Ogburn. M, Smith. G (1999) Introducing cultural studies, Prentice Hall, London Brown. A (1995) Organisational Culture, Pitman Publishing Cohen. L (2002) Language and Organisation: Course Pack Geertz. C (1973) The Interpretation of Cultures, Fontana Press Gudykunst. W (1998) Bridging differences: Effective Intergroup Communication, Sage, London Hartley. P (1993) Interpersonal Communication, Routledge, London Hofstede. G (1980) Cultures consequences: International differences in work related values, Sage, California Jackson. N and Carter. .uf91be42ad59070ac2f2fee273f6ecca4 , .uf91be42ad59070ac2f2fee273f6ecca4 .postImageUrl , .uf91be42ad59070ac2f2fee273f6ecca4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf91be42ad59070ac2f2fee273f6ecca4 , .uf91be42ad59070ac2f2fee273f6ecca4:hover , .uf91be42ad59070ac2f2fee273f6ecca4:visited , .uf91be42ad59070ac2f2fee273f6ecca4:active { border:0!important; } .uf91be42ad59070ac2f2fee273f6ecca4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf91be42ad59070ac2f2fee273f6ecca4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf91be42ad59070ac2f2fee273f6ecca4:active , .uf91be42ad59070ac2f2fee273f6ecca4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf91be42ad59070ac2f2fee273f6ecca4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf91be42ad59070ac2f2fee273f6ecca4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf91be42ad59070ac2f2fee273f6ecca4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf91be42ad59070ac2f2fee273f6ecca4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf91be42ad59070ac2f2fee273f6ecca4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf91be42ad59070ac2f2fee273f6ecca4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf91be42ad59070ac2f2fee273f6ecca4 .uf91be42ad59070ac2f2fee273f6ecca4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf91be42ad59070ac2f2fee273f6ecca4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: RIAA vs napster EssayP (2000) Rethinking Organisational Behaviour, Prentice Hall, Harlow, England Mah. A. Y (2001) Watching the tree, Harper Collins Publishers Mullins. L (1999) Management and Organisational Behaviour, 5th Edition, Pitman Publishing Schirato. T and Yell. S (2000) Communication and Culture: An Introduction, Sage, London Journal Articles Bate. P (1990) Using the culture concept in an organisation development setting, Journal of Applied Behavioural Science, Vol. 26 (1), pp. 83-106 Cohen. L and Musson. G (2000) Entrepreneurial identities: Reflections from two case studies, Organisation, Vol. 7 (1), pp. 31-48 Keenoy. T, Oswick. C, Grant. D (1997) Organisational Discourses: Text and Context, Organisation, Vol. 4 (2), pp. 147-157 Levitt. T (1983) The globalisation of markets in Harvard Business Review, May-June, pp. 92-102 Mwaura. G, Sutton. J, Roberts. D (1998) Corporate and national culture an irreconcilable dilemma for the hospitality manager? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 10 (6), pp. 212-220 Watson. T (1995) Rhetoric, Discourse and Argument in Organisational Sense Making: A reflexive tale, Organisational Studies, Vol.16 (5), pp. 805-821 Contributions and Proceedings etc Books Atkinson. E (1990) Creating cultural change, Management Services, Vol. 34 (7), pp. 6-10 in Mullins. L (1999) Management and Organisational Behaviour, 5th Edition, Pitman Publishing De Beugrande. R (1997) The story of Discourse in Van Dijk. T (ed. ) (1997) Discourse as Structure and Process. Discourse studies: A multidisciplinary introduction, Vol. 1, Sage, London Mcgoldrick. P (1995) Introduction to international retailing in McGoldrick. P and Davies. G (Ed. ), International Retailing: Trends and Strategies, Pitman, pp. 1-13 Journal Articles Bond. H and Kwang-kuo. H (1986) The social psychology of Chinese people, in Bond. H (ed. ) The psychology of the Chinese people, Oxford university press, Oxford, in Mwaura. G, Sutton. J, Roberts. D (1998) Corporate and national culture an irreconcilable dilemma for the hospitality manager? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 10 (6), pp. 212-220 Child. J and Markoczy. L (1993) Host country managerial behaviour and learning in Chinese and Hungarian joint ventures, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 30 (4), pp. 612-29 in Mwaura. G, Sutton. J, Roberts. D (1998) Corporate and national culture an irreconcilable dilemma for the hospitality manager? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 10 (6), pp. 212-220 Jones. P (1993) Studying society: Sociology theories and research practices, Sociology and Science, Collins Educational, London in Mwaura. G, Sutton. J, Roberts. D (1998) Corporate and national culture an irreconcilable dilemma for the hospitality manager? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 10 (6), pp. 212-220.